Situation: I have my shuttle on an overlapping an asteroid from the previous round. I decide to reveal a 0-Red maneuver.

Question: am I allowed to do that? If yes, do I roll a damage dice again and suffer penalties as if I was landing on the asteroid again?

Yes, you would. You suffer a collision if your maneuver template or your final position overlaps the asteroid. If you're not moving, whether because of a collision or a voluntary zero move, you'd hit it again.

yeah that would be a monumentally terrible idea. You would lose your shot again too. Ow.