Q:Can chains on TMP attach to a printed maester character who just lost his maester trait?
A:Printed refers to the ink on the card. The game may not consider it to count as a maester, but it still has maester printed in the text box, so yes The MAester's Path will still be able to move a link to it…which immediately is discarded because all links must be attached to a maester character.
Q:Can I cancel an effect would let character leave play after opponent's save action has been resolved?
A:No. If you are going to cancel the effect you must do so immediately.