What talent does an astropath need to use a force sword, axe, or staff? Primitive, universal, exotic, something else?
Force weapons
As I quickly checked the description of the weapon (and also the errata that has been published) and it says that in the hands of non-psykers they act as Best Craftsmanship Mono variant of standard Primitive weapon it emulates.
I would say that you only need primitive melee weapon training to use force weapons as there's no mention anywhere I have seen that theres Force weapon training talent.