Query-- starship component quality is mentioned several times in the Rogue Trader corebook, yet it is never actually defined. I have been unable to find a section detailing what benefits or disadvantages various levels of component/weapon quality bestow upon said items.

Was this omission deliberate or was it accidental? If the former, when will the rules be released? If the latter, will there be a pdf or other document that provides those of us who bought the first-run copy of RT with the missing rules?

If FFG have an idea as to what the quality will do, it will probably be released in a supplemental book. Maybe as a free download. But I don't expect it to appear in later editions of the core rulebook, unless it is also released as errata.

Until then you can either ignore component quality or house rule it. Your choice.