I've always assumed that a Rogue Trader, like any powerful and authorized individual in the Imperium, maintains a store of knowledge and records for themselves. Because of unreliability of communication in the expanse, I'd assume that for many Rogue Traders, they keep in on their ship, in some kind of library or scriptorium. (As I've argued in other threads, not having the component doesn't mean you don't have any books/records, just that you don't have an impressively large collection) So this is what your searching - stacks of data slates and digi-scrolls written by melenia of ancestors or secured from secreted organizations.
But there is a good chance that in the case of particularly rare information, like the planets that was visited once by an exploritor team, you just don't have that information with you - but you might have an index that tells you who does.